11月25日下午,温州市鹿城区垟儿路一商铺内电动车电池充电时突然起火,店内瞬间浓烟密布、漆黑一片,所幸无人员伤亡。
车主李女士是这家店铺的员工,平时都是骑电动车上下班,她称,事发当时店内用电是正常的,事故起因应该是电池。
而李女士的电动车购买还不到两年时间,据温州都市报报道,是来自一家沃趣品牌电动车,使用的是锂电池。
事发后,经销商同意与李女士协商解决此事。
这并不是沃趣电动车的锂电池第一次发生起火事故。相关媒体报道,在今年6月,云南大理一起6人遇难事故,调查出来的事故起因就是沃趣电动车锂电池充电起火。
尽管国家已经加强了对电动车的规范,但市面上依然存在不少有质量隐患的电动车。
(图片来源于网络)
回到这次事件,我们看到视频中有不少网友评论,在电池冒烟时候就已经有人拔掉充电线,而没有及时移走电瓶,不久电瓶就发生爆炸。
如果下次遇到这样的事故,我们应该怎么做呢?
01 电动车电池短路怎么办
普通情况下,锂电池短路只是导致电池容量缩小;但在热失控的状态下,锂电池就会发生大规模短路,瞬间的温度可能会飙升到1000度,会发生剧烈燃烧和冒出大量有毒气体浓烟。
在这种极端情况下,锂电池有可能会在很短时间内发生爆炸,应该第一时间切断电源,可以拔掉充电器插头或者关掉电闸,并及时使用水基灭火器进行降温。
一些建议还要把电池挪到室外空旷的地方,但这样做的风险很大,万一在移动途中电池发生爆炸,后果不堪设想。因此电池短路后最好不要靠近或直接接触电池。
(图片来源于网络,图文无关)
可在大多数情况下,我们发现电池短路的时候已经错过最佳的扑灭时间,更多时候是还没来得及给电池降温,电池就爆炸起火了。
那么遇到电动车电池起火后我们应该怎么做呢?
在火灾中丧生的人,80%是死于浓烟雾,所以要灭火首先要避免吸入有毒气体浓烟,常见的方法是用湿布捂住口鼻,并在烟雾走向的反方向使用灭火器。
这里又遇到一个问题——应该用什么样的灭火器?
美国的一项研究发现,锂电池火灾本质上是热失控引起的,降温是灭火手段中的一个重点,水基灭火剂是最佳的选择,如果没有,沙子也是可以的。
虽然干粉灭火器在初始情况下能把明火灭掉,但干粉灭火器并不能降低锂电池内部的温度,那么锂电池内部温度依然很高,内部的化学反应继续,在热量积蓄之后,很容易锂电池进行复燃。
所以,在充电宝等小型便携锂电池着火的初期,一条湿毛巾、一杯水就能轻松解决问题。
(图片来源于网络,图文无关)
02 如何给电动车安全充电?
电池本身问题+不良充电习惯,导致了电池过热、短路等。所以,要预防爆炸,选择正规厂家生产的质量过关的产品,是关键的第一步。
(图片来源于网络,图文无关)
但是,产品质量过关就可以了吗?实际上,选择可靠的产品,只能起50%的作用,其余50%,需要良好的使用习惯来保障。
1.不要私自改装电池、充电器及电气元件
私自改装电池和充电器,拆下来装不回去是小事,以为装回去了结果装错了,导致短路起火,甚至爆炸,才是大事。为了安全,建议大家去购车门店或者专业的维修点,进行电池、充电器和电气元件的维修保养。
2.不要在阳光暴晒下充电,远离明火和高温热源
现在是冬天,太阳没那么猛烈,但也尽量不要将电动车放在太阳底下充电,也不可以将电池放在阳光下暴晒。同理,无论是平时,还是充电时,都要远离明火和高温热源。
3.不建议在室内和楼道充电
可能有人要说:没有其他选择,只能在家里充电。但是,安全这种事,都是不怕一万,只怕万一的。现在,很多小区的车库里,都配有电动车的充电点。对于农村用户而言,则可以根据家中房屋的情况,选择一个通风防雨、阴凉干燥的地点进行充电。
如果一定要在室内充电,室内应该要放置水基灭火器。
4.充满即可,不要过充
一般的充电器,从没电到充满需要8-10小时。我们在充电的时候,可以灵活地根据剩余电量来判断充电时间,充满即可,不要过充。
5.尽量不用街边快充
街边快充方便又便宜,但同时,街边快充还会损害电池,轻则缩短电池寿命,重则引发安全事故。安全第一,小编建议大家少用或者不用街边快充。
(图片来源于网络,图文无关)
03 冬天电动车电池怎么养护?
截至11月26日,全国大部分地区已经入冬或即将入冬,锂电产品的爆炸事故会减少很多,但电动车又面临另一个问题:续航差,一些人甚至放弃在冬天骑电动车。
冬季低温造成电池续航暴降,这个事情几乎无解,无论锂电铅酸都一样。因为在气温降低的情况下,这个充放电的过程速度会变慢。放电的电流变小,电池的容量也就变小了。
由此,很多锂电池BMS就给出了0℃以下停止充电的设定,铅酸电池虽然没什么BMS,但低温环境充电效率也大打折扣。
(图片来源于网络,图文无关)
那在冬天使用电动车,应该怎样养护电池呢?
1.冬季存放使用锂电池的电子设备时,最好移动到室内,会减少自然电损。由于锂电池充电温度要略高于放电温度,因此充电时最好放在温度为0~25摄氏度的室内,充电效率较高。
2.使用时尽快将电池放入电池仓中,因为行驶时电池内部会自然发热,这样可以缓解冬季低温对电池的影响。当然,这中方法更适合电池仓封闭于座桶下方的车型。
3.长时间不使用锂电池也要定期充电,最好将锂电池的电量保持在30%左右。
4.锂电池适合随充随用,而且充电一次≠一次充放电循环,所以不建议完全没电才充电,对锂电池内部电极有比较大的伤害。
5.使用额定电压进行充电,过高的充电电压虽然能加快充电速度,但也会损害锂电池寿命。
参考来源:
batteryuniversity, 中国天气, 中关村在线, 温州都市报, 电动车观察员.
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